In person-to-person communications our messages are sent on two levels simultaneously. If the nonverbal cues and the spoken message are incongruous, the flow of communication is hindered. Right or wrong, the receiver of the communication tends to base the intentions of the sender on the non- verbal cues he receives.
Therefore, according to G. W. Porter non-verbal communication is divided into four broad categories. Which are, physical, aesthetic, signs and symbolic.
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Physical. A type of communication that includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions.
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Aesthetic. The type of communication that takes place through creative expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing.
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Signs. A mechanical type of communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns, and sirens.
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Symbolic. This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or ego-building symbols.
Non – verbal communication plays a very important role for leaders of organizations fro at LEAST 2 reasons:
To function effectively as a team leader the manager must interact with the other members successfully. Non-verbal cues, when interpreted correctly, provide him with one means to do so.
The team members project attitudes and feelings through non-verbal communication. Some personal needs such as approval, growth, achievement, and recognition may be met in effective teams. The extent to which these needs are met is closely related to how perceptive the team leader and team members are to non-verbal communication in themselves and in others on the team.
Apart from it, there are some researches have deepened their knowledge about the features of nonverbal communication that provide information to managers and their team members. Which I’m going to share with everyone in this blog. The information have been summarized.
Static FeaturesDistance.-
Distance. The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a non-verbal message. In some cultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the intensity of the exchange.
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Orientation. People may present themselves in various ways: face-to-face, side-to-side, or even back-to-back. For example, cooperating people are likely to sit side-by-side while competitors frequently face one another.
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Posture. Obviously one can be lying down, seated, or standing. These are not the elements of posture that convey messages. Are we slouched or erect ? Are our legs crossed or our arms folded ? Such postures convey a degree of formality and the degree of relaxation in the communication exchange.
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Physical Contact. Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or patting on the back all convey messages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of (or lack of) attraction.
Dynamic FeaturesFacial Expressions.
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Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey information. Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar across cultures.
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Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a hand movement. Most people use hand movements regularly when talking. While some gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings, most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.
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Looking. A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey emotion, signal when to talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either interest or boredom.
The above list shows that both static features and dynamic features transmit important information from the sender to the receiver.
Moreover, according to Tortoriello, Blott, and DeWine they have defined non-verbal communication as:
". . . the exchange of messages primarily through non-linguistic means, including: kinesics (body language), facial expressions and eye contact, tactile communication, space and territory, environment, paralanguage (vocal but non-linguistic cues), and the use of silence and time."
*Lee Wenji*
4)Public Communication
Misconceptions about communication 
